Lamb

Affected lambs appear to absorb an agent from colostrum that induces an immunologic response, followed past the granular degradation of immune complexes and complement within the glomerular capillary walls;

From: Veterinary Medicine (Eleventh Edition) , 2017

Husbandry of Dairy Animals | Sheep: Replacement Management

D.Fifty. Thomas , in Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (Second Edition), 2011

First Convenance

In dairy sheep production systems where nutrition of ewe lambs is poor or where less precocious breeds are utilized, dairy ewes may be approximately 2 years of age before they requite birth for the start time and enter their first lactation. Nevertheless, ewe lambs of many of the dairy breeds take the ability to exhibit estrus by vi–viii months of age if they have been well fed. Therefore, it is a mutual practice in many dairy sheep operations to mate ewe lambs so that they enter their offset lactation at footling over 1 year of historic period.

Ewe lambs should accomplish at least threescore% of their mature weight earlier they are mated. Generally, they are mated when 8–ix months of age, a month or two after the start of the mating season for the mature ewes. There are several reasons for mating ewe lambs subsequently than the mature ewes:

1.

An older age at mating will increase the percent of ewe lambs that have reached puberty and increase the percentage that will lamb to this first exposure.

2.

During the mating season, information technology is the estrous ewe that seeks out the ram. If immature naive ewe lambs are in the same mating group equally mature ewes, the mature ewes may monopolize the rams, resulting in a lower than expected conception rate in the ewe lambs.

three.

An ewe lamb requires xv–25% more than free energy per day than a mature ewe during the prebreeding period and during pregnancy in social club to meet her requirements for continued growth and pregnancy. Keeping the ewe lambs in a grouping divide from the mature ewes during mating and pregnancy allows for differential feeding betwixt the groups.

iv.

More labor may exist required to lamb out ewe lambs than mature ewes. Ewe lambs may feel a higher incidence of dystocia than mature ewes, their lambs may demand extra colostrum supplementation since ewe lambs produce less colostrum than mature ewes, and ewe lambs may need more homo intervention to take and suckle their lambs than mature ewes. If the majority of the mature ewes accept lambed prior to the beginning of the lambing season for the ewe lambs, labor is available to concentrate on the lambing of the ewe lambs.

5.

If the mature ewes take been milking for 1 or ii months before the ewe lambs enter the milking parlor, the milking routine for the new season has been well established, and it is easier for the inexperienced ewe lambs to be assimilated into the milking routine than if the ewe lambs and mature ewes all start the new milking season at the same time.

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Lambing Direction and Neonatal Care

PAULA I. MENZIES , in Current Therapy in Large Animate being Theriogenology (2nd Edition), 2007

Identification

Each lamb should be assigned a specific identifier at birth for ii reasons: to identify lambs to retain as replacements at a hereafter date and to identify ewe-lamb pairs. Methods include ear tagging, paint branding, and spraying on the back or side with the lamb'due south identification, the ewe's identification with or without the birth order number and litter size (e.thou., 132P-13 would be the firstborn lamb of ewe 132P out of a litter of triplets, and 132P-33 would be the third-built-in lamb of ewe 132P), or a unique blueprint (e.grand., a spiral). The ewe also should be paint-branded at the same time—for example, 132P-3 ways that she has 3 lambs at foot. Permanent identification (tag or tattoo) tin exist given to lambs at birth or at weaning.

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Perinatal Diseases

In Veterinary Medicine (Eleventh Edition), 2017

Lambs

Lambs are allowed to suck naturally, but in that location tin can be competition between siblings for colostrum; one big single lamb is capable of ingesting, within a brusque period of nativity, all the available colostrum in the ewe's udder. Lambs require a total of 180 to 210 mL colostrum/kg body weight during the first eighteen hours after nascence to provide sufficient energy for heat production. This amount will usually provide enough immunoglobulin for pro­tection confronting infections. Supplemental feeding of colostrum may be advisable for lambs from multiple nativity litters, lambs that lack vigor, and those that take non nursed past 2 hours post-obit birth. This tin be washed with a nipple bottle or an esophageal feeder.

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Prevalence, Causes and Consequences of Dystocia

Timothy J. Parkinson , ... David E. Noakes , in Veterinarian Reproduction and Obstetrics (10th Edition), 2019

Lamb Birth Weight

Lamb nascence weight is adamant by brood (run across Gootwine (2005) for extensive data on unlike sheep breeds), number of lambs in the litter, season, and parity. Equally nascency weight increases, so does the risk of dystocia, with the magnitude of the relationship being modified by breed (Fig. 12.9).

Examples of the variability between breeds are illustrated in Fig. 12.x. Many lambs are, however, crossbred rather than purebred, so the effects of crossbreeding upon lamb nascency weight have been extensively studied. In the classic report of Hunter (1957), in which large (Border Leicester) and modest (Welsh Mount) breeds were crossed, the birth weight of Border Leicester lambs born to Welsh Mount ewes was 1.1 kg less than that of Border Leicester lambs born to Edge Leicester ewes; also, the birth weight of Welsh Mountain lambs born to Border Leicester ewes was 0.six kg more than that of Welsh Mountain lambs built-in to Welsh Mount ewes. Similar results were obtained in reciprocal embryo transfer experiments past Dickinson et al. (1962) (Welsh Mountain and Lincoln breeds) and Sharma et al. (2012) (Suffolk and Cheviot breeds), both of whom found that the size of the fetus was constrained by the maternal recipient breed. Thus the maternal influence can limit the size of a genetically larger lamb, also as increase the size of a genetically smaller lamb. This relationship was quantified by Dickinson et al. (1962) as being related to the mature weight of the donor (D0.83), the ratio of the weights of the donor and recipient ((R/D)0.83), and the reciprocal of the litter size.

Litter size is closely related to birth weight, with single lambs being significantly heavier than multiples. Beyond a great many breeds, Gootwine (2005) showed that mean birth weights for single lambs was 4.six ± 0.9 kg, twins 3.eight ± 0.8 kg, triplets three.two ± 0.viii kg, and quadruplets 2.9 ± 0.6 kg. Thus, as litter size increases, dystocia due to oversized lambs decreases (Speijers et al. 2010). Conversely, as litter size increases, the take chances of dystocia due to malpresentation of the fetus increases (Fig. 12.xi). Male person lambs are consistently heavier than females. Smith (1977) noted that the hateful weight of male lambs was iv.2 ± 0.three kg versus four.0 ± 0.iii kg for female lambs and that this difference was associated with 19% dystocias in male lamb births versus 14% in females.

Diverse selective breeding methods have been practical to endeavour to reduce the event of lamb birth weight upon dystocia. Heritability for lamb nativity weight is moderate (htwo: 0.38) and is genetically correlated with lamb expiry run a risk traits (Everett-Hincks et al. 2014). Thus McSporran et al. (1977) were able to substantially reduce the prevalence of dystocia by convenance from ewes that had lambs of low birth weight and less difficulty at lambing. Unfortunately, there are unfavourable genetic correlations between birth weight and weaning weight and between the risk of dystocia and fleece weight (Brown et al. 2014), both of which could impede genetic selection for lower birth weight.

Because of the benefits upon both dystocia and lamb mortality of achieving lamb birth weights in the range of 4 to 6 kg, the effects of maternal nutrition upon lamb birth weight have been extensively studied. The consensus of these studies is that maternal nutrition has lilliputian effect. For example, in a meta-analysis of experiments with New Zealand Romney ewes, Schreurs et al. (2012) concluded that the influence of a ewe that is heavier at Days 0, 50, 100, or 150 of gestation on the birth weight of its lamb was very small-scale. The upshot is as well more dependent on litter size than upon ewe weight. Likewise, there was neither an effect of dietary restriction during mid- to late pregnancy (Kenyon et al. 2011) nor an effect of a high plane of nutrition (Corner-Thomas et al. 2015) upon lamb nativity weight. It appears that the reason for the failure to find an effect of maternal nutrition is due to the power of the placenta to compensate under such circumstances. Thus severe undernutrition during early and midgestation reduces the number of placentomes, but they later increment in size and change their shape (Steyn et al. 2001). Therefore, if food intake is increased in the last trimester, so the placenta is probably more efficient in nutrient transfer and the fetus grows more rapidly.

Parity affects lamb birth weight. Smith (1977) showed that nascency weight increases from first (iii.5 ± 0.one kg) to 2d (4.1 ± 0.one kg), to third (4.4 ± 0.one kg) through to fourth (4.5 ± 0.1 kg) parity. Ewe lambs typically produce lighter lambs than practice ewes. Corner et al. (2013) showed that nativity weight of lambs from single-bearing ewe lambs were lighter (4.4 ± 0.1 kg) than those born of ewes (5.five ± 0.1 kg).

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History and Applications of Manual Synoptic Nomenclature

A.B. Lewis , B.D. Keim , in Reference Module in World Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2015

Lamb

The Lamb classification is a manual method of classifying of daily circulation patterns over the British Isles adult by Professor H.H. Lamb in the 1950s ( Lamb, 1972a,b). The Lamb classification was kickoff introduced into the literature in Geophysical Memoir 116, in which the Lamb types were described, along with examples of each basic type and a catalog of daily Lamb types from 1861 to 1971 (Lamb, 1972a). Lamb described seven bones weather types ( Table 2 ), each of which can exist further broken down into hybrid types for patterns that resemble more than than 1 blazon. With the inclusion of the basic, hybrid, and unclassifiable categories, at that place are a full of 27 Lamb conditions types (Lamb, 1972a,b). Singled-out from some of the other manual systems which rely primarily on good knowledge to define and assign types, the definition and assignment of the Lamb weather condition types are based on physical considerations such as the direction of airflow and the cyclonicity of the prevailing pattern (Huth et al., 2008; Lamb, 1972a,b). Since its introduction, the Lamb nomenclature has been widely used in synoptic studies of Western Europe. Lamb continued to document the daily types until his expiry in 1997, producing a catalog of approximately 136 years of daily Lamb types bachelor for climate studies. Later his decease, the original classification was not connected; however, it was replaced with an automatic version that attempts to mimic the original (Jenkinson and Collison, 1977; Jones et al., 1993).

Tabular array 2. The seven basic Lamb synoptic conditions types

Anticyclonic (A) Anticyclones centered over, virtually, or extending over the British Isles
Cyclonic (C) Depressions passing frequently or stagnating over the British Isles. The fundamental isobar of the depression should extend over the mainland of Britain or Ireland
Westerly (W) Loftier pressure to the due south and low pressure to the north, giving a sequence of depressions traveling eastwards beyond the Atlantic. This is the main, progressive zonal type
Northwesterly (NW) Azores anticyclone displaced northeast or n toward the British Isles. Depressions forming near Iceland and traveling southeast into the North Sea
Northerly (N) Loftier force per unit area to the west or northwest of Uk extending from Greenland southwards, possibly every bit far equally the Azores. Depressions travel southwards from the Norwegian Sea
Easterly (E) Anticyclones over Scandinavia extending toward Iceland across the Norwegian Sea. Depressions more often than not to the south of the region over southwest Europe and the western Atlantic
Southerly (S) High pressure over key and northern Europe. Depressions blocked to the w or traveling north or northeastwards off western coasts

Source: Jones, P. D. and Kelly, P. Chiliad. (1982). Principal component analysis of the lamb catalogue of daily weather types: Part 1, annual frequencies. Journal of Climatology 2: 147–157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370020205.

The Lamb nomenclature has been applied to investigate many different climate-related research questions for the British Isles and nearby areas. Applications of the Lamb types typically use either the vii basic weather types, or instead, aggregate the total 27 types into indices using methods such as chief component assay (Jones and Kelly, 1982; Jones et al., 1993). The Lamb types have been used in many areas of climatology, but have been widely employed in three chief areas: synoptic climatology, climate variability and alter, and applied climatology (Perry and Mayes, 1998). In synoptic climatology, several studies have used the Lamb types to await for relationships between synoptic atmospheric apportionment and precipitation and/or temperature in Western Europe (Jones and Kelly, 1982; Sowden and Parker, 1981; Wigley and Jones, 1987). Results of these studies take shown that in that location is a strong relationship between atmospheric circulation and precipitation, but not temperature in Western Europe, suggesting that in that location must be other factors controlling temperature in the region besides synoptic variability (Yarnal, 1993). The Lamb weather condition types have likewise been used to answer of import questions nigh climate variability and climate change. Lamb himself focused much of his inquiry career on investigating changes in frequencies of the westerly Lamb atmospheric condition type and its implications on climate (Lamb, 1972a,b). Many other researchers accept found relationships between Lamb weather type the variability of certain climate parameters in Western Europe, such as precipitation (Briffa et al., 1990; Jones and Kelly, 1982). The discovery of these relationships has led to the development of predictive models and it laid the foundation for precipitation downscaling in the region (Perry and Mayes, 1998). Finally, at that place accept also been many applications of the Lamb types for the region in the field of applied climatology. These applications range from air current energy potential to acid rain to isotopes variations in rainfall (Heathcote and Lloyd, 1986) and many more than (Yarnal, 1993).

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Rotavirus Vaccines and Vaccination

T. Vesikari , in Viral Gastroenteritis, 2016

two.ane.4 Lamb RV Vaccine

Lamb rotavirus strain LLR-37 (G10P[fifteen]) was developed in Lanzhou Institute for Vaccines, Cathay, and is a licensed RV vaccine in China ( Li et al., 2015). No formal efficacy trial nor any head-to-head comparing of LLR-37 with other RV vaccines has been done, but there is post marketing evidence for efficacy (Fu et al., 2012). The vaccine is recommended for ii doses at ages 2 months–2 years, and widely bachelor in the private market in China. LLR has also served equally a backbone for the development of a trivalent lamb-human reassortant vaccine, which is undergoing clinical trials in China.

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Handling and Examining Sheep and Goats

Dusty W. Nagy , D.G. Pugh , in Sheep and Caprine animal Medicine (Second Edition), 2012

Restraint of the Neonate

Lambs and kids can be restrained easily in a standing position for concrete exam by a unmarried handler. Castration, horn disbudding, and tail docking typically volition require i person to restrain the animal and another to perform the procedure. Both lambs and kids can be restrained for castration, and for tail docking in lambs, in a like fashion. With the handler in a seated position, the beast's right thoracic and pelvic limbs can be held in the restrainer's right hand while the left thoracic and pelvic limbs are held in the restrainer's left hand. The animate being's dorsum is so supported betwixt the handler's legs ( Figure one-6). Disbudding can exist accomplished by the handler holding the fauna in sternal recumbency. The person completing the disbudding tin restrain the head by property information technology downwards on the table. A rolled-up towel placed under the neck will better back up the head and cervix for the procedure. Alternatively, the animal can be placed in a disbudding box, which allows a unmarried person to perform the process (Figure one-vii).

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Mammalian Hormone-Behavior Systems

Gabriela González-Mariscal , ... Raymond Nowak , in Hormones, Brain and Beliefs (Third Edition), 2017

1.17.four.one.5 Infancy

1.17.4.1.five.1 Attachment with the Mother

Lambs and kids are born in a well-advanced stage of physical and behavioral development which allows them to collaborate with their mother on a multisensory basis. The activeness of the newborn, which has to be able to stand steadily before orienting toward the body of the mother, needs to be coordinated with that of the mother. Most neonates stand inside 30  min after nascence. As their coordination improves, they nose the side of their mother'south body until a teat is institute, usually inside the first hr. They are guided by various cues emanating from the mother's body, and in sheep many ewes may also help the immature by lowering their back and bending a hind leg to facilitate access to the teat (Vince, 1993). Both kids and lambs learn the position and shape of the udder very speedily, a learning process that is probably sustained by the dynamics of mother–young interactions and the reinforcing backdrop of suckling. This spontaneous attractiveness to the mother'south udder, reinforced past the fact that suckling is displayed at hourly intervals, brings the newborn in contact with maternal cues and behaviors required for the establishment of individual recognition. Most lambs and kids develop a articulate preference for their dam by 12–24   h of historic period, and their power to discriminate their mother from an alien ewe improves markedly over the start few days of life (Nowak et al., 2011; Poindron et al., 2007a). While at 12–24   h identification of the mother is mostly based on cues that lambs tin can perceive at close quarters, lambs can clearly locate their mother from a distance of several meters when they are 3   days old. Olfactory cues are not necessary for newborn lambs to discriminate between two ewes at close quarters even though they do recognize maternal odors at birth (Vince, 1993). Instead, both auditory and visual cues are used (Nowak et al., 2011). This reflects the fact that initial orientation toward the mother is based on general maternal signals since they are the differences between acceptance behaviors (low-pitched bleats bespeak credence) and rejection behaviors (high-pitched bleats indicate aggression) that brand lambs and kids cull a specific adult (Poindron et al., 2007a; Terrazas et al., 2002). Stride by pace neonates acquire various private features from their mother which results in an improved ability to recognize her from a distance. The role of hearing seems to exist as important in lambs equally in kids one time they are several days one-time (Briefer and McElligott, 2011; Searby and Jouventin, 2003), but there is no doubt that infants form a multisensory image of their mother. Flake by flake this specific responsiveness to individual maternal cues leads to a specific attachment procedure that consolidates into an indelible emotional bail, characterized by a tendency to seek and maintain closeness, particularly during times of stress (Nowak et al., 2011; Gaudin et al., 2015). This bail with the mother is based on the infant's need for prophylactic, security, and protection.

i.17.iv.ane.5.2 Relation with Humans

Farm animals develop an important social network with interspecific partners, such as humans. Unlike other forms of social attachment, the relationship sheep and goats can develop with humans is not well understood. It seems that both species develop intra- and interspecific relationships but not in a concomitant mode since the presence of the female parent reduces strongly the lamb'southward motivation to collaborate with a human. Notwithstanding, when newborns are separated from their mother and reared under bogus feeding conditions, the human being becomes a salient figure and this may facilitate the direction of lambs and kids nether laboratory weather every bit well equally on the farm ( Nowak and Boivin, 2015; Miranda-de la Lama and Mattiello, 2010). Usually, human–animal relationships are facilitated by positive social contacts (stroking, canteen-feeding) provided past a specific caregiver in the commencement few weeks later on nascency. In both species, stroking alone reinforces the motivation to collaborate with the stockperson (Boivin and Braastad, 1996; Tallet et al., 2005). Stroking is appeasing, it induces relaxing postures in lambs, and it decreases heart rate due to an activation of the parasympathetic system. Behavioral tests comparing responses directed toward a familiar caregiver and unfamiliar or familiar humans testify that lambs practise search specifically the proximity of their human being caregiver. Differential emotional responses in the presence (calmness) or the absenteeism of the partner (agitation) are also expressed (Figure vii). The clear and durable signs of appeasement shown by lambs in the presence of their caregiver suggest that the man can be perceived every bit an affective substitute in artificially reared animals (Nowak and Boivin, 2015). The same phenomenon may apply to young goats (Miranda-de la Lama and Mattiello, 2010).

Figure seven. Affinity of lambs to their caregiver. Lambs were tested lone (isolation), then with a person (reunion), and alone again one time the person left the pen (separation). The subjects' reactions were observed in two comparative situations: familiar caregiver versus unfamiliar person (left histogram) or familiar caregiver versus familiar person (right histogram). The number of zones crossed and the number of vocalizations emitted signal that lambs are soothed during reunion and agitated after separation. Appeasement during reunion and distress after separation is more important when the test is performed with the familiar caregiver.

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SHEEP | Meat

A.J. Kempster , in Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition), 2003

Definition of Retail Cuts

Traditionally, lamb is sold by butchers largely bone-in, so about xc% of the carcass is 'saleable meat' and goes across the counter.

The lamb carcass is typically separated into the sides by cutting it lengthwise through the spine. The main cuts (using British terminology) are as follows.

The forequarter is a large cut which includes the neck, shoulder, and role of the breast. It makes an economical family roast but is more than difficult to carve than a leg. Boned and rolled or stuffed, it is easier to carve.

The shoulder is smaller than the leg and is easier to cleave later boning. Shoulder chops or cubed shoulder meat should exist well trimmed to remove excess fatty earlier grilling or stewing.

Neck chops may exist stewed, braised, or casseroled.

Breast is an economic system cut. The ends of the rib basic can be cut out to simplify carving or rolling.

The best stop of neck or rack is made up of six or seven rib chops. When information technology is to be cooked whole, information technology may be boned and rolled, or chined (backbone removed) for easy carving. The rib chops are trimmed to make cutlets.

The loin can exist cut into nearly seven or eight meaty chops, each with a short T os; alternatively, it can be left in ane piece and rolled or trimmed, boned, rolled, and cut into noisettes before cooking.

Chump chops (or leg chops) are lean, meaty chops cut from the end of the leg nearest the loin.

The leg is a large, lean roast which may be cooked with the os in, or boned and stuffed. Meaty steaks can be cut from the thick function of the leg.

Consumer attitudes indicate that lamb is frequently regarded as fat, not versatile, and hard to carve. Major developments take, therefore, taken place in new cutting methods. This work produces boneless cuts which are convenient in size, easy to cleave, and atomic number 82 to minimal waste product on the plate.

The new techniques only work satisfactorily on lambs which are quite lean at the commencement, since information technology is hard to trim the intermuscular fat without adopting a complete muscle seaming technique. If there is increasing use of these boneless techniques, it will create further pressure towards the production of heavier and leaner lambs.

Lamb and mutton are used less in candy class than other meats. One of the chief reasons is the high bone-to-meat content of the carcass and the small size of the carcass. These two factors make it more labor-intensive for boning-out and processing and therefore more than costly relative to other meats. Lamb fat is as well more saturated and less suitable for processing.

The main area of development in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland at the moment is in kitchen-ready products which offer multifariousness, convenience, and novelty to consumers. The range of products now being introduced in the UK, especially by independent butchers, includes lamb burgers, marinated chops and steaks, and more exotic dishes such every bit lamb bengali, lamb pasanda, and lamb italliene. Lamb is the basis for many spiced dishes on a worldwide basis, and quite a number of these are being introduced into Europe by the major supermarket chains.

Recently, there has been renewed interest in the curing of lamb considering of its cheapness in some countries relative to pigmeat. (Come across MEAT | Preservation.)

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Feeding and Nutrition

Darrell Fifty. RankinsJr., D.One thousand. Pugh , in Sheep and Caprine animal Medicine (Second Edition), 2012

Weaning

Lambs and kids can be weaned as early as 3 or 4 weeks, merely better results may exist obtained if weaning is delayed until 8 to 12 weeks. Because of labor constraints, many keepers attempt to wean milk replacer–fed young as soon every bit possible. Kids of most meat and dairy breeds should weigh at least 9.1 to 11.iv kg (xx to 25 lb) and consume 0.23 kg (0.5 lb)/day of a 16% to 18% rough protein grain.

Because weaning is such a stressful event, the immediate goal should exist to get the lamb or child accustomed to eating out of feedbunks and drinking from a water trough. The decision to wean lambs or kids depends on age, flavor of nascency, whether they take been consuming creep feed, existing parasite or predator problems on the farm, market price, and bachelor labor. Feedbunk location is important in encouraging newly weaned animals to consume adequate amounts of dry out matter. If excellent-quality forage is available, still, information technology can exist used every bit the sole source of feed. A good strategy is to place the feedbunks perpendicular to the fence line so that the weanlings are forced to see and possibly investigate the feed as they walk (usually continually) the fence line. For the outset two days of the weaning period, good-quality hay should exist offered on a free-choice ground. The weanlings should then be introduced to a concentrate feed offered at a level of approximately 1% of body weight/twenty-four hours. A lamb weighing 31.eight kg (lxx lb) therefore consumes approximately 0.32 kg (0.75 lb)/day. After the lambs or kids take been introduced to the grain, the keeper tin gradually increase the amount.

Some managers prefer to remove all grain supplements and place the dam on a poor-quality forage 1 week earlier weaning. This reduces milk production and decreases the incidence of mastitis. By seven months, most dairy breed kids should weigh between 27.3 and 36.4 kg (lx to 80 lb). A good-quality mineral mixture should be offered on a costless-choice ground. Potential replacement animals should be identified and fed a regimen to minimize excessive fat degradation and maximize postweaning growth rates. The same guidelines described for mineral feeding in the male (50% dicalcium phosphate and 50% trace mineral common salt) are applicative for weanlings.

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